SS-31 (Elamipretide): Cardiolipin-Targeting Peptide in Mitochondrial Research

SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131) is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The interaction stabilises cristae architecture and preserves electron-transport-chain efficiency under stress conditions — the mechanistic basis for the peptide's extensive research footprint in cardiovascular, renal, ophthalmic and skeletal-muscle models.

Unlike ROS-scavenging antioxidants that act stoichiometrically, SS-31's mechanism is architectural: by preserving cardiolipin organisation, it maintains the geometric coupling required for efficient oxidative phosphorylation. Research groups frequently use SS-31 as a positive control for cardiolipin-targeted intervention in mitochondrial-dysfunction models.

Comparative studies commonly pair SS-31 with mitochondrial nutrients (CoQ10, MitoQ) and with the mitochondrial peptides Humanin and MOTS-c. This side-by-side approach helps distinguish direct membrane-stabilisation effects from broader mitochondrial-signalling effects.

From a laboratory perspective, SS-31 is highly water-soluble and reconstitutes readily. As with all small research peptides, reference-grade vials should ship with HPLC purity, mass-spectrometry identity confirmation and a batch COA. Reconstituted material should be aliquoted and stored cold.

SS-31 is available in the Regena catalogue in 10 mg, 30 mg and 50 mg vial formats, allowing researchers to size orders to protocol duration and animal-cohort size without repeatedly reopening the same vial.

SS-31 remains a chemical reference standard for in-vitro and animal research. This article is intended as an educational overview and is not a recommendation for any human use.