Peptide research library — what the literature actually says.
A citation index for the compounds most often discussed in peptide research. Each entry states the evidence level, what published work establishes, what it does not, and links every reference straight to PubMed so you can read the primary source yourself.
How to use this page
Most peptide claims circulating online trace back to a handful of papers, and many of those papers are rodent studies presented as if they were clinical results. This index separates the two. 14 compounds, 19 references, every one openable on PubMed. Nothing here is a recommendation, a protocol or a dosing guide.
Compound index
Semaglutide
Human clinical trials
Also described as: GLP-1 receptor agonist
A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist studied extensively in randomised controlled trials for glycaemic control and body-weight reduction.
What the literature supports
Large phase 3 programmes (SUSTAIN, STEP) report reductions in HbA1c and body weight versus placebo, with gastrointestinal effects as the most frequently reported adverse events.
What remains unestablished
Long-term outcomes beyond published trial windows, effects of weight regain after discontinuation, and effects outside strictly supervised clinical settings are areas of ongoing study.
Also described as: Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist
A single molecule that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, investigated in the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trial programmes.
What the literature supports
Published phase 3 data report dose-dependent reductions in body weight and HbA1c, with a tolerability profile dominated by gastrointestinal effects during dose escalation.
What remains unestablished
The relative contribution of GIP versus GLP-1 receptor activity to the observed effects remains an active research question.
Also described as: Body protection compound, pentadecapeptide
A synthetic peptide sequence derived from a fragment of human gastric juice protein, studied almost entirely in rodent models of tissue injury.
What the literature supports
Published rodent studies report effects on tendon, muscle and gastrointestinal healing endpoints, with proposed mechanisms involving angiogenesis and nitric-oxide signalling.
What remains unestablished
There are no large published randomised human trials. Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability and long-term safety in humans are unestablished.
A selective ghrelin-receptor agonist characterised in the late 1990s as a growth-hormone releasing peptide with limited effect on cortisol or prolactin.
What the literature supports
Original pharmacology work describes selective GH release in rodent and swine models.
What remains unestablished
There is no approved human indication and no long-term human safety dataset.
Both are analogues of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. Tesamorelin has been studied in registered clinical trials; CJC-1295 in early pharmacokinetic work.
What the literature supports
Tesamorelin trials report reductions in visceral adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. CJC-1295 studies describe sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 after single doses.
What remains unestablished
Outcomes in healthy populations, and long-term consequences of sustained IGF-1 elevation, are not established.
A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that associates with cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What the literature supports
Mechanistic work describes stabilisation of cardiolipin and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics; several early-phase human trials have been conducted in mitochondrial disease.
What remains unestablished
Phase 3 efficacy has not been consistently demonstrated across indications.
An orally active, non-peptide ghrelin-receptor agonist — often grouped with peptides despite being a small molecule.
What the literature supports
Year-long human studies report sustained increases in GH and IGF-1 and increases in fat-free mass, alongside increased appetite and reduced insulin sensitivity in some participants.
What remains unestablished
Functional outcome benefits have not been consistently demonstrated, and long-term metabolic consequences remain debated.
Human clinical trials means randomised or controlled studies in people have been published. Animal & in-vitro means the published work is confined to laboratory or animal models. Early / limited means the literature is sparse or largely un-replicated.
Why are there no dosing instructions in this library?+
Because none of these materials are medicines and this site does not supply anything for human use. Dosing guidance would be clinical advice, which is outside the scope of an educational reference.
Why do animal results not transfer directly to humans?+
Rodent physiology differs in metabolic rate, receptor distribution and clearance. A positive rodent endpoint establishes a hypothesis worth testing, not an expected human outcome.
How should a reference be checked?+
Open the PubMed link, read the abstract's methods line first — species, sample size, control arm, duration — then read the limitations section of the full text. A citation is only as strong as its study design.